by Diana Pi, M.D. The 2nd edition of Dr. William Rowley's anti-vaccine pamphlet depicts cowpox victims, including Ann Davis, who allegedly sprouted horns after vaccination. Pondering vaccine hesitancy, I thought, "If COVID-19 disfigured like smallpox, people would be more vaccine-inclined." Well, history proves me wrong. Deadly, highly contagious, and mutilating, smallpox plagued mankind since prehistoric times. In 18th century Europe, most were infected. Of those, 1/3 would die; many went blind. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, smallpox traveled with European settlers and decimated native populations in America and Africa. The 16th century Spanish conquistador, Hernán Cortés, ascending the smallpox-plagued Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec, described, "We could not walk without treading on the bodies and heads of dead Indians … the stench was so bad that no one could endure it....